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中国欲向巴基斯坦出售核反应堆引发美国担忧

2010-07-19 15:03来源:未知

国国务院对中国欲向巴基斯坦出售两个核反应堆一事越来越 表示担心。这一问题可能会使华盛顿方面加强与巴基斯坦合作的最新努力变得复杂。



Agence France-Presse/Getty Images
美国国务卿希拉里•克林顿访问巴基斯坦,旨在巩固美国与 阿富汗战争中的盟国的关系。

美国官员称,正在访问伊斯兰堡的美国国务卿希拉里•克林顿(Hillary Clinton)周一与巴基斯坦高级官员会面时预计将披露新的美国援巴发展项目,价值高达5亿美元。希拉里将在伊斯兰堡停留两天。她的此次亚洲多国之行旨 在巩固美国与阿富汗战争中的盟国的关系。

美国高官说,她或许也将向巴基斯坦官员提及即将进行的核反应堆销售一事。美国官员担心此次交易可 能会破坏奥巴马政府更广泛的核不扩散运动。

上述官员说,美国国务院还与中国就此事加强了讨论,并讨论了此举是否将违反北京方面对监管核贸 易的主要国际组织──核供应国集团(Nuclear Suppliers Group,简称NSG)的承诺。

由于巴基斯坦和中国坚持称这 一交易合法并誓言要继续这一交易,在希拉里和其他美国高级官员于周日云集伊斯兰堡参加第二轮美巴战略对话之际,这一问题可能会成为美巴关系间的一个暗礁。 此次对话将于周一结束。

中国于2004年加入了总部位于维也纳的NSG。但北京方面称中国核工业集团公司向巴基斯坦原子能委员会 (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission)出售两座320兆瓦核反应堆的提议不违反其对NSG的承诺,因为这项交易是2004年之前安排的。中国和巴基斯坦官员说,根据这项 最初协议,中国已经在巴基斯坦开发了两座民用的核反应堆。

中国为这两座新反应堆使用了 NSG的不追索条款,美国国务院对这一作法提出挑战。它说,中国需要NSG的46个成员国给予其特殊的豁免才能继续这项数十亿美元的交易。

美 国国务院官员说,基于我们了解的情况,此次出口显然超出了中国加入NSG时不追索的项目范围,因此需要NSG同意批准一次特别豁免,正如2008年美国向 印度出口时一样。

巴基斯坦和印度均未在联合国的主要不扩散条约上签字,两国的核设施也未完全处于联合国的监督之下。任何试图向这些国家出 售核技术的NSG成员国必须得到特别豁免。2008年,布什政府得到了NSG的豁免,允许美国公司向印度出售核技术。

巴基斯坦官员周日 说,尽管华盛顿对此表示担忧,扎尔达里(Asif Ali Zardari)政府仍然致力于从中国购买两座新反应堆。一位巴基斯坦官员说,中国的反应堆对2030年前巴基斯坦建立8,800兆瓦万千瓦核电的目标至 关重要。他拒绝透露反应堆的出售将于何时完成。

上述官员说,这次合作并不是新的合作,而是已经开展了数年,我们不需要NSG的额外批准。

在 希拉里访问巴基斯坦期间,美国官员希望强调他们所称的双方在打击基地组织(al Qaeda)方面极大加强的合作关系,以及过去一年中在其他安全和经济事务上取得的进步。

去年10月,美国国会通过法案,批准在未来五年 中向巴基斯坦提供75亿美元的发展援助。美国官员周日说,这次的援助使华盛顿可以向巴基斯坦人民表明,美国不只专注于打击基地组织和塔利班 (Taliban)。

美国国务院巴基斯坦和阿富汗事务特别顾问郝尔布鲁克(Richard Holbrooke)说,这使巴基斯坦的态度开始改变,首先是在政府内部,并逐渐、更缓慢地在公众中发生变化。

希拉里将宣布的发展计划将 专注于帮助巴基斯坦解决长期的水和电力短缺问题,以及加强巴基斯坦的教育和司法机构。除扎尔达里外,希拉里还计划与巴基斯坦外长库雷希(Shah Mehmood Qureshi)和巴基斯坦军方总司令卡亚尼(Ashfaq Kayani)会晤。

美国官员担心,假如中国在没有获得 NSG批准的情况下向巴基斯坦出售核反应堆,可能会进一步削弱NSG遏制核技术流动的能力。他们说,由于所谓的伊朗、叙利亚和朝鲜秘密发展核武器的努力, 该机构已经处于压力之下了。

巴基斯坦官员反驳说,美国支持向印度出售核技术,却不支持向巴基斯坦出售,这是在实施双重标准。巴基斯坦一直 在敦促奥巴马政府像支持印度一样支持巴基斯坦的民用核合作交易,不过目前为止都遭到了断然拒绝。

上述巴基斯坦官员说,你不应该仅仅为某些 国家开特例,你需要一种依据标准、而不是因国家而异的做法。

The U.S. State Department is voicing growing concern about China's proposed sale of two nuclear-power reactors to Pakistan, an issue that could complicate Washington's latest efforts to strengthen cooperation with Pakistan.

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who is visiting Islamabad for two days as part of a broader Asia trip aimed at buttressing U.S. alliances in the war in Afghanistan, is expected to unveil $500 million in new U.S. development projects for Pakistan in meetings with senior Pakistani officials Monday, U.S. officials said.

She might also raise the expected nuclear sale with Pakistani officials, a deal that U.S. officials fear could undermine the Obama administration's broader nonproliferation campaign, senior U.S. officials said.

These officials said the State Department has also intensified discussions with China about its proposed nuclear sale and whether it would violate Beijing's commitments to the major international body regulating nuclear trade, the Nuclear Suppliers Group.

With Pakistan and China insisting the deal is legitimate and vowing to go through with it, the issue could prove an irritant in U.S.-Pakistani relations, as Mrs. Clinton and other senior U.S. officials gathered Sunday for the second U.S.-Pakistan strategic dialogue, which end Monday.

China joined the Vienna-based Nuclear Suppliers Group, or NSG, in 2004. But Beijing has argued that the proposed sale by China National Nuclear Corp. of two 320-megawatt nuclear reactors to the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission wouldn't violate its NSG commitments, as the deal was brokered before 2004. China has developed two civilian reactors in Pakistan under this initial deal, Chinese and Pakistani officials said.

The State Department is challenging China's use of the grandfather clause inside the NSG for the two new reactors. It says China would need a special waiver from the group's 46 member states to go ahead with the multibillion-dollar sale.

'Based on what we know, the export appears to extend beyond those projects that were grandfathered when China entered the NSG,' a State Department official said. '[It] would therefore require a special exception granted by the consent of the NSG, as was done for India in 2008.'

Neither Pakistan nor India is a signature to the United Nations' principal nonproliferation treaty, nor are these countries' nuclear facilities completely under U.N. safeguards. Any NSG member states seeking to sell nuclear technologies to these countries must get special waivers. In 2008, the Bush administration secured a waiver from the NSG to allow U.S. companies to sell nuclear technologies to India.

Pakistani officials on Sunday said President Asif Ali Zardari's government remained committed to purchasing the two new Chinese reactors, despite Washington's concerns. One Pakistani official said the Chinese reactors were central to Islamabad's goal to generate 8,800 megawatts of electricity from nuclear power by 2030. He declined to say when the sale might be completed.

'This cooperation isn't something new and has been going on for years,' said the official. 'We don't need additional approval from the NSG.'

During Mrs. Clinton's Pakistan visit, U.S. officials hope to highlight what they describe as significantly improved coordination between the two sides in the fight against al Qaeda, along with advances on other security and economic issues over the past year.

In October, Congress passed legislation authorizing $7.5 billion in development aid for the South Asian nation over the next five years. U.S. officials on Sunday said this aid has allowed Washington to show Pakistani people that the U.S. was focused on more than just fighting al Qaeda and the Taliban.

It is 'producing a change in Pakistani attitudes, first within the government and gradually, more slowly, within the public,' said Richard Holbrooke, the State Department's point man on Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Development projects to be unveiled by Mrs. Clinton will focus on helping Pakistan address the country's chronic water and power shortages, as well as on strengthening Islamabad's educational and judicial institutions. In addition to President Zardari, Mrs. Clinton is scheduled to meet with Pakistan's foreign minister, Shah Mehmood Qureshi, and Army chief Gen. Ashfaq Kayani.

U.S. officials worry that if China were to sell the reactors to Pakistan without the NSG's approval, it could further erode the ability of the international system to stanch the flow of nuclear technologies. They argue the system is already under stress due to alleged efforts by Iran, Syria and North Korea to clandestinely develop nuclear weapons.

Pakistani officials counter that the U.S. is practicing a double standard by supporting the sale of nuclear technologies to India, but not Pakistan. Islamabad has been pressing the Obama administration to support a civilian nuclear-cooperation deal for Pakistan similar to India's, but has so far been rebuffed.

'You shouldn't just make exemptions for certain countries,' said the Pakistani official. 'You need a criteria-based approach, not a country-specific approach.'

(责任编辑:admin)
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